Albert_Einstein


 * = ==== Authors: Stephen, Andrew, Alias ==== ||

1. Timeline 2. Image Collection 3. Major Accomplishments A. Brownian Motion B. Photoelectric Effect C. Theory of Relativity D. E=MC2 E. General Theory of Relativity with Proof F. The Manhattan Project G. Awards and Honors 4. Social, Political, and Economic Background 5. Videos A. Relativity Explained B. Einstein on His Theory 6. Powerpoint 7. Works Cited ||
 * Table of Contents

 media type="custom" key="543641"

Top

 media type="custom" key="547939" Tto turn off the cool techno music, just click on the little speaker icon on the banner with Einstein's pictures)

These pictures were chosen to show the Einstein was not only an influential person, but also to show that he was an everyday individual. Top



MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Albert Einstein was one of the world’s greatest physicists whose name is synonymous with intelligence. His accomplishments have revolutionized science and he even was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. According to Darwin, solitary confinement was one of the most painful punishments a human being could possibly encounter. Albert Einstein, an exception to this theory, would rather spend time by himself to achieve goals that helped improve the world. Top

 BROWNIAN MOTION

In 1905, Einstein published a series of papers that have helped him become well known in the world of science and physics. He hypothesized that visible motion of particles was caused due to the random movement of molecules that make up any type of liquid. Einstein derived a mathematical formula pertinent to his hypothesis that predicted the distance traveled by particles and their speed. The Brownian Motion is regarded as the first direct experimental evidence of the work done on molecules. ("Albert Einstein World of Earth Science." 2008. __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.)] Top

 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

Einstein began to tackle a new puzzle in physics, the photoelectric effect. Heinrich Hertz first observed this effect in 1888. This effect occurs when electrons are released from a metal object as light shines on the metal. The puzzling aspect of this effect was the number of electrons is not released due to the lights intensity, but due to the color of wavelength. In order to solve this problem, Einstein cleverly made use of the quantum hypothesis. Einstein concluded that the number of electrons released would not depend on the number of quanta, but the light’s energy. This hypothesis was confirmed by numerous experiments. Einstein’s studies on photoelectric effect helped him achieve the Nobel Prize in physics in 1921, as well as, lay the foundations for the fields of quantitative photoelectric chemistry. ("Albert Einstein Scientists: Their Lives and Works." __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.)] Top

 THEORY OF RELATIVITY

Einstein wrote his third paper in 1905 that detailed his theory of relativity. Einstein was not the only scientist to explore the wonders of relativity. Other scientist, such as Hendrik Lorentz, George Francis Fitzgerald, and Jules Henri, all had tackled relativity along with creating mathematical formulas that described the effect of motion on different types of measurements. Einstein created two assumptions that helped him conjure up his theory. One assumption was that the laws of physics are the same in all frames of reference. The second assumption was that the velocity of light is always the same no matter what the condition of it measured. From his two assumptions, Einstein derived a mathematical relationship between the velocity of an object and its length. This theory was revolutionary because his work established the opposite of what other scientists compiled through the years. His theory concluded that the measurable properties of an object would differ depending on the relative motion of the observer. (Isaacson, Walter. __Einstein__. New York: Simon and Schuster, INC., 2007.) Top

 E=MC2

Having written two other papers in 1905, along with his studies on the photoelectric effect, Brownian movement, and relativity, Einstein constructed a new formula that would hold his place among the greatest scientists who ever existed. This formula was derived due to his realization of how closely energy and a mass of a body is connected. E=MC2 means energy equals mass times the speed of light squared. The University of Bern first rejected Einstein’s amazing formula. It was during his second attempt that the formula was accepted. (Fara, Patricia. "The Maestro of Time." History Today 55.4 (Apr. 2005): 28+. History Reference Center. EBSCO. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 14 Feb. 2008 <[|http://search.ebscohost.com/>.)] Top

 GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY WITH PROOF

With World War I was beginning to affect Europe; Einstein attempted to extend his theory of relativity to a broader perspective. Einstein’s fundamental concept of his general theory was the space-time continuum concept and that space is curved. This means that a body affects the shape of the space surrounding it in order for the second body moving near the first body to travel in a curved path. He was also able to write mathematical expressions that described the relationships between measurements made in any two systems of motion relative to each other. In order to prove his new theory, Einstein calculated that the light passing the Sun is bent by a 1.7 seconds of an arc. In 1919, a solar eclipse occurred and an English astronomer, Arthur Eddington, measured the deflection of the starlight as it passed by the sun to find it be a 1.61 seconds of an arc. This helped Einstein become a well-known scientist in the world along with the word “relativity” becoming a household name. Another concept Einstein would gain fame for was the redshift of light. Einstein predicted that gravity would stretch out sound waves as they travel through space. Soon this phenomenon became known as the “Einstein shift.” ("Albert Einstein World of Physics." 2008. __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.)] Top

 THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

Due to the oppression of the Jews during World War I, Einstein fled to the United States. In 1939, Einstein was convinced to sign his name on a letter that would be received by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The famous letter talked of the possibility of an atomic bomb. This letter led to the Manhattan project, which was the world’s first construction of nuclear weapons. Einstein work on relativity, and his formula, E=MC2, was key to the development of the atomic bomb. The Manhattan would later prove to be successful, but Einstein did not participate in the construction since he was considered a security risk. (Levinger, Elma Ehrlich. __Albert Einstein__. New York: Julian Messner, INC., 1949.) Top

 AWARDS AND HONORS

After World War II, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, but ever since the construction of the atomic bomb, Einstein had been an active supporter of nuclear disarmament. He also lead efforts to establish a world government and to the Zionist movement to create Jewish state. In 1952, after the death of Israel’s first president, Chaim Weizmann, Einstein was invited to become the next president of Israel, but he later declined the offer. During his life, Einstein had been awarded numerous times, as well as, honored. Some awards Einstein received were the Barnard Medal of Columbia University in 1920, the Copley Medal of Royal Society in 1925, the Max Planck Medal of German Physical Society in 1929, and the Gold Medal of Royal Astronomical Society in 1926. ("Albert Einstein World of Earth Science." 2008. __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.)] Top

 = Social, Political, and Economic Background- =

Top 
 * **Social ** || **Political ** || **Economic ** ||
 * Einstein was Jewish, but went to a Catholic school. (Galenet) || He was a Pacifist. (Galenet) || During World War I, the Communism rose due to the prediction of expanding markets would lead to a global conflict. (Galenet) ||
 * Dropped out of a secondary school but continued on to ETH (Swiss University) in 1896. (Galenet) || He was Jewish, which influenced him to escape to the United States during World War I. (Galenet) || Total cost of World War I to the United States was about $32 billion. (Markov, EBSCOHOST) ||
 * Moved to Italy to avoid draft into the army in 1894. (Galenet) || With three other men, Einstein published an antiwar counter-manifesto. (Galenet) || Co-invented the “Einstein Refrigerator, which used ammonia in the cycle of cooling food inside of it. (Galenet) ||
 * Started working patent office in 1902. (Galenet) || After the death of Chaim Weizman, Einstein was invited to be the second president of Israel. (Galenet) || By 1944, every working individual in the United States was paying federal taxes to pay for World War II. (Markov, EBSCOHOST) ||
 * Was married to Mileva Maric in 1903. (Galenet) || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)">Warned the United States about a possible Atomic Bomb being created in Germany. (Galenet) || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)"> ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)">During World War I, many Jewish people were tortured and killed in Europe. (Galenet) || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)">After World War II, Einstein became an active supporter of nuclear disarmament. (Galenet) || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)"> ||
 * <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)">Einstein moved to Princeton, New Jersey in 1933. (Galenet) || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)"> || <span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 153)"> ||

Both videos from www.dailymotion.com Top
 * Theory of Relativity Explained- || Einstein Explains His Famous Theory- ||
 * media type="custom" key="540199" || media type="custom" key="540061" ||

All About Einstein-

media type="custom" key="540237"

slide show with animation- Top

 Works Cited-

"Albert Einstein Scientists: Their Lives and Works." __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.]

"Albert Einstein World of Earth Science." 2008. __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.]

"Albert Einstein World of Physics." 2008. __Biography Resource Center__. Gale. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 12 Feb. 2008 <[|http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/?db=BioRC>.]

Einstein banner: http://www.uksociety.org/einstein.htm

Einstein looking old: http://www.geocities.com/kmhigginson/einstein1950.jpg

Einstein on a bicycle: http://www.popartuk.com/g/l/lgpp30265+einstein-on-bicycle-albert-einstein-poster.jpg

Einstein sticking out tongue: http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/albert-einstein-1951.jpg

Einstein with crazy hair: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Albert_Einstein_1947.jpg

Einstein writing on chalkboard: http://calnewport.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/10/einstein.jpg

Fara, Patricia. "The Maestro of Time." History Today 55.4 (Apr. 2005): 28+. History Reference Center. EBSCO. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 14 Feb. 2008 <[|http://search.ebscohost.com/>.]

Isaacson, Walter. __Einstein__. New York: Simon and Schuster, INC., 2007.

Levinger, Elma Ehrlich. __Albert Einstein__. New York: Julian Messner, INC., 1949.

Markov, M. A. "Reflections of a Soviet Scientist on Einstein." Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 35.3 (Mar. 1979): 27-37. Science Reference Center. EBSCO. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 14 Feb. 2008 <[|http://search.ebscohost.com/>.]

Van Delft, Dirk. "Albert Einstein in Leiden." Physics Today 59.4 (Apr. 2006): 57-62. Science Reference Center. EBSCO. School Lib., King of Prussia, PA. 14 Feb. 2008 <[|http://search.ebscohost.com/>.]

Top