Mary_Queen+of+Scots

Jullien N, Julia D (6) ||= (9) ||= (2) ||= (8) ||
 * = [[image:MaryScots1.jpg width="230" height="240"]]

= = = = (1) || Dauphin Francis II of France ||
 * 1542**- Mary Stuart was born. Daughter of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise.
 * December 14,1542**- At one-week-old, her father James V died and Mary became Queen of Scots
 * August 7,154****8**-At the age of six, Mary went to France to marry the Dauphin Francis of France son of Henry II and Catherine de Medici
 * 1558**- Mary married Francis II
 * = [[image:mary_queen_scots_francis.jpg width="111" height="160"]]
 * = Mary Queen of Scots with

(3) || Lord Darnley of England ||
 * 1558**- Elizabeth I, a distant cousin of Mary, became Queen of England. Many Roman Catholics at the time viewed Mary Stuart as their Queen after Mary Tudor instead of Elizabeth because they saw the marriage of Henry VII to Anne Boleyn, mother of Elizabeth, illegal.
 * 1560** –Mary of Guise died and Francis II died, in which Mary became a widow at the age of 16.
 * 1561**- Mary returned to Scotland to take chances with the Protestants.
 * 1565**- Mary re-married and married Lord Darnley of England, her first cousin.
 * [[image:mary_queen_scots_darnley.jpg width="160" height="117"]]
 * = Mary Queen of Scots with

(4) || her son James ||
 * 1566**- Mary had a child named James who later becomes the heir for both England and Scotland
 * = [[image:mary_with_james.jpg width="119" height="192"]]
 * = Mary Queen of Scots with

(7) || with Earl of Bothwell ||
 * 1567**- Darnley was murdered and there were accusations towards Mary. She then married Earl of Bothwell
 * = [[image:PG_869.jpg width="130" height="133"]]
 * = Mary Queen of Scots

(5) || at her execution at Fotheringay Castle || (Bold).
 * July 24, 1567**- Mary, Queen of Scots, was kidnapped by Bothwell’s forces- outcry again the queen, forced to abdicate her throne in favor of son James
 * 1568**- Mary escaped captivity and fled to England to live with Elizabeth in safety
 * 1571**- Mary took part in the Ridolfi/Norfolk plot-plot of invasion of England and the murder of Elizabeth
 * February 8, 1587**-Mary was convicted of treason and was executed. Mary was beheaded at Fotheringay Castle.
 * = [[image:zpage260.gif width="134" height="189"]]
 * = Mary Queen of Scots

Mary Queen of Scots, born in 1542, was immediately proclaimed Queen of Scotland at the age of one week after the deaths of her parents, Mary of Guise and James V. Negotiations for her marriage arrangements began at an early age of six, when Mary sailed to France to marry the Dauphin, Francis, son of Henry II. (Ed. Sonia 5) After marrying Francis, heir to the French throne, Mary had the ability to combine the two kingdoms of France and Scotland and even England, seeing as that she was the next heir to the throne of England after her cousin Elizabeth. Mary’s politique policy restored a degree of religious peace to Scotland, and for a while, was able to maintain order among the Scottish Nobles. Mary also established a friendly relationship with Elizabeth of England, regardless of Elizabeth’s suspicions. (Katharina M. Wilson 1).

After the death of Francis, Mary was ready to remarry to Lord Darnley, heir to the English throne. Darnley was hateful to the Scottish lords and David Riccio, Mary’s Foreign Secretary. Mary refused to give Darnley the Crown Matrimonial, making Darnley very angry, accusing her of having an affair with Riccio. David Riccio was murdered in 1566. The lords imprisoned Mary, but she managed to escape. (Bold).

Several poets gave their lives for her, praising her beauty and cruelty at the same time. Pierre Chatelard, a poet, described her as, "The most beautiful and the most cruel princess of the world.” After the Scottish Parliament approved the Protestant Confession of Faith on the 11th of August, Mary, being an ardent Catholic Queen, pushed for Scotland to remain a Catholic country. After she abdicated her throne, she the lived in England with her cousin Queen Elizabeth I, where she associated with Spain’s Philip II in a plot to kill Elizabeth I. Philip II, like Mary, was a zealous Catholic as well, and wanted to protect Catholicism in Europe. Since the death of Mary Tudor, otherwise known as Bloody Mary, England became mostly a Protestant Country. Both Philip and Mary believed that if Mary became the Queen of England, (she was the heir since Elizabeth had no children), England could be brought back to Catholicism. After several attempts of executing Elizabeth, Mary Queen of Scots, was accused of treason and was executed at Fotheringay Castle. Her famous last words were, “In my end is my beginning.” Even after her death, Mary was admired and became, to some, a symbol of Scotland’s struggle for freedom. (Bold). “Mary Stuart You broke my heart Of many many men. An’ a sair-sunk brow Before they killed you, hen. The axe struck thrice And you called to Christ That Wednesday at ten.And I’ll always see'Till my country’s free Them murder you again.” - Jake Flower, a Scottish poet (//Scotia//, No 22, October 1971).

media type="custom" key="3224880" (Bold 77-78)
 * = __**Political Background**__ ||= __**Social Background**__ ||= __**Economic Background**__ ||
 * • Mary Stuart became the Queen of Scotland at the age of one week after her father, James V, died. (Bold 7). || • Mary Stuart was of Aristocracy considering that she became the Queen of Scotland and the heir of both French and English throne. (Bold 20). || • Mary Stuart inherited Scotland after his father engaged in a battle with Henry VIII of England. At a very young age, Mary resided in a country that suffered under Henry VIII’s attacks. Besides Scotland’s agonies, the young Mary was tried to be captured by Henry VIII, but he did not succeed. (Bold 8). ||
 * • Mary was the next heir to the English throne after Elizabeth I, who was argued to be the illegitimate heir after all, her father married Anne Boleyn “Illegally”. (Ed Sonia). || • She spent thirteen years of her early life where she was educated. She learned French, Italian, Latin, and Greek and she was a devout Roman Catholic. (Galenet). || • When Mary left France to obtain her Scottish throne, she was greeted with a land of terrible poverty and was divided in classes. (Bold 23). ||
 * • Due to her Catholic faith, Mary was married to Dauphin Francis of France, which was approved by the King of France and Mary of Guise, her mother, in order for Catholicism to prevail in Europe. She then became the heir to the French throne after their marriage in 1558 at the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. (Bold 17). || • Mary Stuart married three times. First to Dauphin Francis II of France, her cousin Lord Darnley of England, and then lastly the Earl of Bothwell. (Bold). || • Mary was offered a marriage with Francis II by Henry II of France to form an alliance between the two countries. She then fled to France where she spent thirteen years and was educated. (Bold 9). ||
 * • At the time, a battle between the Protestants and the Catholics were heightening. Mary, being a zealous Catholic, wanted Catholicism to reign in Europe. She was convinced that if Elizabeth I was rid off, the English Catholics would support Mary along with the help of Philip II of Spain. (Bold 71). || • She was closely tied to the monarchy in Europe. In England, she was the first cousin of Elizabeth I. In France, she was first married to the Dauphin, which she later became the Queen. In Spain, Mary collaborated with Philip II in a plot to get rid of Elizabeth I in England in order to restore the Catholic faith. (Bold). || • Mary’s lifetime was amidst the attacks on the Roman Catholic Church by several Protestants. Being a zealous Roman Catholic, Mary fought for Catholicism though she attempted to satisfy her people by tolerating Protestantism in Scotland. (Ed Sonia). ||
 * • Upon returning to Scotland from France, Mary announced her tolerance of the Protestant religion, though Protestants saw her actions to be rather suspicious. (Bold 25). || • Mary Stuart has collaborated with John Knox, but they eventually got tired of each other. (Bold 31). || • Mary Queen of Scots was argued to be the next heir to the English throne instead of Elizabeth due to the illegitimacy of Henry VIII’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. (Ed Sonia). ||

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__**Source Citations**__ Bold, Alan. __Mary Queen of Scots__. Great Britain: Wayland (Publishers) Ltd. , 1977.

Haws, Charles H. "Mary, Queen of Scots." //Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia//. 2009. Grolier Online. 6 Feb. 2009 .

Kirkby, Graham P. "Robin Hood Outlaw Legend of Loxley." __The Age of Chivalry and__ __Romance__. 11 Feb. 2009 .

"Mary." //Historic World Leaders//. Gale Research, 1994. Reproduced in// Biography Resource Center//. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Gale, 2009. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC

__ Mary Queen of Scots: An Illustrated Life/Catholic Queen, Protestant Patriarchy: Mary Queen of Scots and the Politics of Gender and Religion __ Julian Goodare. The Catholic Historical Review. Washington:Jul 2008. Vol. 94, Iss. 3, p. 590-593 (4 pp.)

"Mary Queen of Scots. Kings and Queens of Scotland. http://www.royal.gov.uk/OutPut/Pagel34.asp. July 11, 2006) "Stuart, Mary." __Elizabethan World Reference Library__. Ed. Sonia

" [|Stuart, Mary]" __Elizabethan World Reference Library__. Ed. Sonia Benson. Vol. 2. Detroit: UXL, 2007. 10 pp. 4 vols. __Gale Virtual Reference Library__. Gale. Upper Merion Area High School. 5 Feb. 2009

Xtranormal. 11 Feb. 2009.  (8) Helm, Peter A. __Polygraphicum__. 26 Feb. 2009 . (1) Lewis, Jone Johnson. "Women's History." __About.com__. 11 Feb. 2009 . (2) " [|Mary, Queen of Scots]. ."(Mary Queen of Scots, painting. UPI/Corbis-Bettmann. Reproduced by permission. ). __Student Resource Center - Gold__. Gale. Upper Merion Area High School. 5 Feb. 2009 (3) - - -. "Women's History." __About.com__. 11 Feb. 2009  (4) - - -. "Women's History." __About.com__. 11 Feb. 2009 . (9) Sopronyi, Judy. "Queen of Scots, The True Life of Mary Stuart." __ProQuest__. 26 Feb. 2009 < http://elibrary.bigchalk.com/drsservice/servicemanager/do/ service?serviceid=getcomponent&docid=120154857&mt=image%2Fjpeg&ts=454134343438344 4344535463039&doclocation=07%2F29%2F6A%2FE9IMAGE0.jpg >. (5) Tappan, Eva March. "The Queen of Scots." __The Baldwin Project__. 11 Feb. 2009  (6) Unknown. "Tudor Personaalities." __Tudor Personalities__. 11 Feb. 2009 <http: //keidahl.terranhost.com/Spring/EUH3501England/Images[|/] MaryScots1.jpg>. (7) Unknown. __National Galleries of Scotland__. 26 Feb. 2009 .
 * __Pictures__**